Biological resources

1.1.6 Biological Characteristics and Ecological Environment

(I) Plant Resources

1. Plants

(1) Plant diversity

The Geopark is located in the transitional zone of China's north-south geography climate and ecology. It has a special natural geographical location and a variety of floral elements converge here. Warm and humid climate and good hydrothermal conditions provide more favorable living conditions for the growth of a variety of organisms. Consequently plant diversity characteristics here are remarkable.

According to the available data 177 families 876 genera and 2107 species of vascular plants have been discovered in the Geopark. Among them there are 1923 species of 795 genera and 139 families in angiosperms 32 species of 18 genera and 6 families in gymnosperms and 152 species of 63 genera and 32 families in ferns. Among the vascular plants Taxus cinensis (Pilger) Rehd and Ginkgo biloba L. are the national first-level protected wild plants. The national second-level protected wild plants include 13 species of Torreya fargesii Franch. Fagus hayatae Palib.ex Hayata Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb.et Zucc. Tctraccntron sinensis Oliv. Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg. Pseudotsuga sinensis Glycinesoja Sieb.et Zucc. Ormosia hosiei Hemsl.et Wils Houpoea officinalis Camptotheca acuminate Decne Emmcnopterys hcnryi Oliv. Tonna ciliata and Cephalotaxus oliveri.

Main arbor species include: fagus hayatae cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia Cyclobalanopsis oxyodon fagus engleriana seem. Lithocarpus cleistocarpus tag alder castanea mollissima fagus longipetiolata red maple oriental oak Larix leptolepis Pinus armandi pinus henryi Abies fargesii Chinese pine glossy privet sawtooth oak masson pine Quercus serrata populus davidiana Platycarya strobilacea Betula albosinensis betula utilis white birch Betula luminifera tetracentron sinense franchetii Pterocarya stenoptera camphor etc.

Main suffruticosa plants or vine plants include: Viburnum betulifolium abelia biflora Nanking cherry rowan of Shaanxi and Gansu Lonicera webbiana azalea winged euonymus Cotoneaster Fargesia murielae Lespedeza ilex pernyi oil-tea camellia Indian azalea arundinaria fargesii Myrsine africana Coriaria nepalensis lindera glauca Chinese aralis Lespedeza formosa spiraea Hypericum monogynum Corylus heterophylla Pyracantha fortuneana rosa cymosa Indigofera pseudotinctoria Japanese ardisia Pittosporum truncatum Zanthoxylum armatum Campylotropis macrocarpa Ligustrum quihoui Illicium henryi Pittosporum podocarpum var. angustatum Indocalamus latifolius (Keng) McClure Pieris formosa (Wall.) D. Don slender acanthopanax Helwingia japonica (Thunb.) Dietr. Ribes tenue eurya nitida Eurya brevistyla chinaroot greenbrier Smilax stans Rosa omeiensis Spiraea blumei Lonicera gynochlamydea hydrangea bretschneideri fargesia dracocephala honeysuckle Acer caudatum cotoneaster horizontalis etc.

Main herbaceous plants include: sedge Poa pratensis Poa nemoralis Saussurea licentiana Parasenecio forrestii aster Paris fargesii parathelypteris glanduligera Cystopteris fragilis Pteridium aquilinum var. Latiusculum Woodwardia unigemmata Chinese silvergrass Eriophorum comosum Arthraxon prionodes Osmunda japonica hairyvein agrimony strawberry Indian strawberry Picris japonica Artemisia argyi matteuccia struthiopteris Matteuccia orientalis digitaria sanguinalis eleusine indica chrysanthemum indicum Calamagrostis arundinacea Kummerowia striata Bidens pilosa L. Lotus corniculatus L. Rodgersia podophylla cogongrass pogonatherum paniceum Arthraxon prionodes Dicranopteris dichotoma curculigo capitulata Artemisia japonica peucedanum root Heteropogon contortus Setaria viridis Chrysanthemum indicum L. Digitaria sanguinalis Houttuynia cordata Thunb Asarum sieboldii Miq. Plantago asiatica L. Prunella vulgaris L. Sinacalia tangutica Astilbe chinensis Beesia calthae-folia cyperus rotundus etc.

(2) Rare and endangered plants

According to the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (First Group) issued by the State Council in 1999 there are 15 species of the national key protected wild plants in the Geopark including 2 species of the national first-level protected wild plants and 13 species of the national second-level protected wild plants (see Table 1-1). Among the wild species there are many fagus hayatae and yew in the Geopark. In addition orchidaceae in the Geopark has been cataloged in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (see Table 1-1).

Table 1-1 List of Rare Wild Plants in the Guangwushan-Nuoshuihe UNESCO Global Geopark

Chinese Name

Latin Name

Protection Level

红豆杉

Taxus cinensis (Pilger) Rehd

银杏

Ginkgo biloba L.

巴山榧

Torreya fargesii Franch.

台湾水青冈

Fagus hayatae Palib.ex Hayata

连香树

Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb.et Zucc.

水青树

Tctraccntron sinensis Oliv.

鹅掌楸

Liriodendron chinense Hemsl.Sarg.

黄杉

Pseudotsuga sinensis

野大豆

Glycinesoja Sieb.et Zucc.

红豆树

Ormosia hosiei Hemsl.et Wils

厚朴

Houpoea officinalis

旱莲木

Camptotheca acuminate Decne

香果树

Emmcnopterys hcnryi Oliv.

红椿

Tonna ciliata 

篦子三尖杉

Cephalotaxus oliveri

兰科植物47

Orchidaceae

Note: * species listed in the List of National Key Protected Wild Plants (First Group) issued by the State Council in 1999

※Among the orchids in China that have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) all orchids are listed in Appendix II

(3) Resource plants

① Medicinal plants

Plants in the Geopark with high medicinal value mainly include: dysosma versipellis Schisandra chinensis Dioscorea nipponica Makino Saruma henryi Oliv. Coptis chinensis Paris polyphylla Gastrodia elata Eucommia ulmoides Lonicera japonica etc.

② Ornamental plants

The red leaf landscape in autumn is well-known which is a great scenic spot in the Geopark. The red leaf landscape is mainly composed of fagus forest which is the most widely distributed and well preserved evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Sichuan Province mainly including Fagus engleriana seem. Fagus hayatae Palib.ex Hayata Fagus lucida etc. In autumn the leaves turn orange and yellow which is very beautiful and has high ornamental value.

③ Edible plants

The common wild edible plants in the Geopark include Actinidia chinensis Bamboo propagines Juglans regia Castanea mollissima etc.

2. Vegetation

According to the division of vegetation in Sichuan the Geopark belongs to the eastern Sichuan Basin and the mountainous evergreen broad-leaved forest zone in the southwest of Sichuan the wet evergreen broad-leaved forest subzone in the eastern Sichuan Basin and the middle mountain vegetation zone in the northern part of the basin. Vegetated areas are formed complexly and have a wide variety of types.

According to the available data the vegetation coverage rate of the Geopark is more than 97% of which the forest coverage rate is 66.5%. There are 15 formations 12 formations groups and 4 formation classes which belong to 2 vegetation types and are composed of more than 2100 species. The vegetation types can be divided into three types: coniferous forest broad-leaved forest and shrub. And each vegetation type is composed of a variety of plant formations. For example the coniferous forests can be divided into cold-temperate coniferous forests temperate evergreen The broad-leaved forests can be divided into deciduous broad-leaved forests evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests evergreen broad-leaved forests and bamboo forests. Shrubs can be divided into evergreen leather-leaf shrubs deciduous broad-leaved shrubs and shrub grasslands.

(1) Coniferous forests

Coniferous forest is a forest community composed of coniferous trees which is the constructive species. It includes pure forests dominated by coniferous trees mixed forests of different coniferous trees and coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests dominated by coniferous trees. The area of coniferous forests in the Geopark is far less than that of broad-leaved forests most of which are scattered (see Table 1-2).

Table 1-2 Coniferous Forest Types in the Geopark

Vegetation Name

Distribution Characteristics

Cold-temperate coniferous forests

Japanese larch forests

Japanese larch forest is mainly introduced and cultivated in the Geopark which can be found in Zhongba Weijiaba Badaoban and other places including a large area of pure forest and many young forests. They are generally distributed in the middle and lower parts of the gentle slope of the mountain with thick soil layer at an altitude ranging from 1300m to1800m.

Cold-temperate evergreen coniferous forest

Abies fargesii

Abies fargesii is located on the shady slope or semi shady slopes of Guangwushan with an altitude ranging from 1900 to 2400m. It rarely exists as a pure forest and often forms mixed forests with a variety of broad-leaved trees. The soil is mountain yellow brown soil.

Temperate evergreen coniferous forests

Pinus armandii forest

Pinus armandii is an endemic tree species in China. The pure forests of Pinus armandii in the nature reserve are mostly plantations. They are widely cultivated in Yuquan Shaba Dajiangkou Daba Weijiaba and other places and most of them are located on gentle slopes of mountains or flat riverbanks at an altitude ranging from 1300m to 1700m.

Pinus henryi forests

Pinus henryi is an endemic tree species in China. It is mainly distributed in Western Hubei Northeast Sichuan Daba Mountain and Micang Mountain. Because pinus henryi likes the warm and humid climate tolerant to poor soil and the main and lateral roots of the tree species are developed. It is commonly found on the valley slope sunny slope and semi sunny slope at an altitude ranging from 1000m to 1900m in the protection zone. Pure forests are can be found on the mountain ridge steep slope ridge and cliff (such as Shenmen Cave of Shaba Forest Farm).

Pinus tabulaeformis forest

Pinus tabulaeformis is the representative tree species of North China flora which likes light is cold resistant drought resistant barren resistant and has strong adaptability. Pinus tabulaeformis forest is mainly distributed in various slope aspects of the mountain with an altitude of 1300-2000m as well as the foothills and ridges.

(2) Broad-leaved forests

Broad leaved forests is a forest vegetation type with a variety of broad-leaved tree species as constructive species and dominant species. It is the dominant vegetation type in the Geopark. It is widely distributed in various areas from the river valley to the mountainous region. The broad-leaved forest in the Geopark is mainly composed of three types namely evergreen broad-leaved forests evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests and deciduous broad-leaved forests. Evergreen broad-leaved forests are mainly found in valleys and cliffs. The mixed evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forests are located above the evergreen broad-leaved forest; Deciduous broad-leaved forests is the main forest community in this area because of the adaptability of tree species and the difference in environment. It is composed of different constructive species and dominant species and widely distributed in the range below the elevation of 2300m (see Table 1-3).

Table 1-3 Types of Broad Leaved Forest in the Geopark

Vegetation Name

Distribution Characteristics

Deciduous forest

Broad-leaved forest

Alder grove Castanea mollissima forest Quercus variabilis forest Quercus acutissima forestQuercus glandulifera var. brevipetiolata forest Fagus engleriana Cyclobalanopsis formosana forest Fagus hayatae fagus longipetiolata Fagus lucida Betula albosinensis Betula utilis forest

Deciduous broad-leaved forest is a forest community composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees. It is not only the main forest in temperate areas with mild and humid climate but also a very common vegetation type in subtropical mountainous areas. Deciduous broad-leaved forest composed of different constructive species is widely distributed in the Gropark and is the main body of forest vegetation in the Geopark. The dominant species of deciduous broad-leaved forests at low altitude include Quercus variabilis Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata Thunb. belonging to the genus Quercus of the beech family Castanea mollissima and Castanea seguinii belonging to the Castanea genus of the beech family and Alnus glutinosa belonging to the genus Alnus of the family Betulaceae. At higher altitudes are Fagus hayatae Palib.ex Hayata Fagus engleriana Seem. Fagus longipetiolata Seem. and Fagus lucida Rehd. et Wils. belonging to genus Fagus Betula albo-sinensis Burk. and Betula utilis belonging to the genus Betulaceae. Among the deciduous broad-leaved forest community evergreen conifer species such as Pinus armandi Pinus henryi and Pinus tabulaeformis often mix together.

Evergreen and deciduous broad leaved mixed forest

Forest composed of Cyclobalanopsis glauca Quercus serrata Thunb. var. brevipetiolata and fagus longipetiolata

The formation is a common type of evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in the Geopark which can be mainly found at an altitude ranging from 1200m to 1800m.

Broad-leaved evergreen forests

Machilus ichangensis Phoebe zhennan Cyclobalanopsis glauca Lithocarpus cleistocarpus etc.

Evergreen broad-leaved forest is the zonal vegetation type of the Geopark which is distributed below an altitude of 1300m mainly in valleys and on cliffs. Due to the frequent human activities the original appearance of the vegetation has been greatly improved. The community is mainly composed of sparse trees and some saplings and the original community is scattered.

Bamboo forest

Arundinaria fargesii forest Fargesia spathacea forest fargesia dracocephala forest Indocalamus bashanensis forest Indocalamus longiauritus forest Indocalamus latifolius forest Indocalamus wilsoni forest etc.

Bamboo forest is a perennial evergreen woody plant community composed of bamboos belonging to Gramineae which is mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Only some bamboo species are distributed in temperate or subtropical mountainous regions. In the Geopark bamboo forests can be divided into bamboo forests in warm hilly area and bamboo forest in temperate mountains according to the characteristics of bamboo forests and habitats. The former is mainly composed of bamboos belonging to indocalamus nakai and distributed in the hilly and low mountain areas below an altitude of 1500m. The latter is mainly composed of bamboos belonging to Dendrocalamus and Fargesia and distributed above an altitude of 1000m.

(3) Shrubs

Shrub is a kind of plant community which is mainly composed of shrubs without obvious above-ground trunks but of shrubs with cluster branches. The height of the community is generally less than 5m and the coverage is more than 30%-40%. Shrubs are widely distributed on sunny hillsides at an altitude of more than 2200m and most of the shrubs below an altitude of 2000m are secondary shrubs(see Table 1-4).

In addition the Geopark has rich vegetation types complex and diverse microclimates and niches which are suitable for the reproduction and growth of many marcro fungi. It is also one of the areas with the most abundant fungi in China. According to economic use the fungi can be divided into 125 kinds of edible mushrooms 17 kinds of which can be cultivated artificially 45 kinds of medicinal fungi extracts of 67 kinds of mushroom fruiting bodies or cultures of mushrooms have anticancer activity 29 kinds of poisonous fungi 41 kinds of wood rot fungi and 80 kinds of mycorrhizal fungi.

Table 1-4 Types of Shrubs in the Geopark

Vegetation Name

Distribution Characteristics

Shrubs with evergreen leathery leaves

Rhododendron shrubs

Rhododendron shrubs are common in Guangwushan and Censer-like Mountain Peak at an altitude of 2100-2500m where the soil is poor the limestone is exposed and the large trees are difficult to grow so the miscellaneous shrubs grow here. The shrub coverage can reach 80% and Rhododendron simsii is the main dominant species in the community. The common species are Rhododendron augustinii Rhododendron concinnum Rhododendron argyrophyllum which are generally 1-3m high followed by fargesia dracocephala Spiraea salicifolia Sorbus koehneana Cupressus duclouxiana Potentilla glabra Rosa Cotoneaster willow etc. In some corners Abies fargesii Pinus armandii Prunus padus and other tree species can also be seen most of them cannot grow well only 1.5-5m high mixed with shrubs. Herbaceous plants are rare.

Deciduous broad-leaved shrub

Vitex negundo and Coriaria sinica

灌丛

Scrub

Vitex negundo shrubs and Coriaria sinica shrubs are mainly distributed on both sides of streams and gullies below an altitude of 1500m as well as on hillsides and valley sides. They are scattered and intermittent and change with human production activities.

Rosa cymosa and pyracantha crenatoserrata shrub

Rosacymosa shrubs and Pyracantha fortuneana shrubs are common communities in limestone area which are scattered in the hillside with poor soil and bare rocks below an altitude of 1500m.

Shrubs

Herbage plant

Shrub is a plant community which is mainly composed of mesophyte and xerophyte perennial herbs and scattered deciduous shrubs. The vegetation type is the secondary vegetation type formed after the forest is destroyed. Shrubs are widely distributed in subtropical and temperate zones in China and they can also be commonly found in the Geopark.

(II) Animal Resources

The Geopark and its adjacent areas have high mountains deep forests ravines luxuriant vegetation complex and diverse geographical environment and good climate environment which provide a good habitat and breeding place for wild animals. According to the available data there are 37 orders 160 families 326 genera and 597 kinds of animals in the Geopark including mammals birds amphibiansreptiles Aves Pisces and insecta. Among them 11 kinds of animals have been listed as the national first-level protected animal 37 kinds of animals have been listed as the national first-level protected animal.

1. Types and Characteristics of Animals

(1) Mammals

According to data there are 7 orders 25 families 61 genera 80 species of mammals in the Geopark. Among them there are 8 species of national first-level protected animals 16 species of national first-level protected animals and 18 species of endemic species in China. In terms of zoogeographical division the Geopark spans the two "boundaries" of Oriental and Palaearctic. Few countries across the two "boundaries" are seen in the world and it is rare for a province like Sichuan to cross the two "boundaries". According to the fact that the distribution area of the existing animal species is relatively concentrated and related to a certain geographical area from the perspective of mammals it can be divided into 16 distribution types at most. There are 9 distribution types of mammals in the Geopark accounting for 56% of all distribution types in China. All of these fully indicate the complexity of faunal composition of mammals in this area.

The distribution of mammals in the Geopark has three significant characteristics: horizontal distribution vertical distribution and ecological distribution. As the Geopark has a large area and conducts sound environmental protection the mammals are widely distributed and the corresponding species of activity traces can be seen in the habitats suitable for different mammals though the mammals in the reserve are not evenly distributed. In terms of the altitude due to human activities the low altitude areas of the Geopark are mainly composed of secondary forests or secondary subalpine shrubs so the animal species are relatively poor. The ecological environment is well preserved and the habitat diversity is high. There are lots of evergreen-deciduous mixed forests coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests coniferous forests some alpine meadows alpine shrubs water area bare rock and other habitats. Among these habitats the first three habitats are rich in animals. In particular Macacamulatta Budorcastaxicolor Capricornissumatraensis Naemorhedusgoral Ailurusfulgens Sus scrofa Elaphodus cephalophus Selenarctosthibetanus Panthera pardus Cuonalpinus Arctonyx collaris Melogale moschata Paguma larvata taivana Martesflavgula Prionailurus bengalensis Felisbengalensis various insectivores and various rodents are mainly distributed in the first three habitats. There are various kinds of pterodactyls in the cave; There are Lutralutra in the water habitat. In some secondary meadows there are many kinds of Sus scrofa Arctonyx collaris and Lepus capensis and it is easy to see traces of these animals' activity.

(2) Birds

There are 239 species of birds belonging to 16 orders 52 families and 127 genera in the Geopark. Among them there are 19 species of national key protected birds accounting for 7.95% of the total and 5 species of key protected birds of Sichuan Province accounting for 2.09% of the total. There are 11 endemic species in China accounting for 4.60% of the total. There are 173 species of breeding birds in the Geopark accounting for 72.38% of the total. The number of bird species in the Geopark accounts for 18.47% of the national total number and 36.94% of Sichuan Province (see Table 1-5).

Table 1-5 Comparison of Bird Types in the Geopark with those in Sichuan and China

Taxon

National

Sichuan

In the Geopark

Mesh

24

20

16

Family

101

78

52

Species

1294

647

239

 

Birds in the Geopark belong to 9 distribution types accounting for more than half of the 16 vertebrate distribution types in China including northern China type Palaearctic type northeast China type northeast and north China type Alpine type Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type Oriental type South China type and the type that is difficult to define distribution.

(3) Amphibians and reptiles

There are 35 species of amphibians and reptiles in the Geopark. Among them 20 species of the amphibians belong to 2 orders 7 families and 10 genera; 15 species of reptiles belong to 2 orders 7 families 12 genera. From the composition of amphibian fauna it can be seen that the amphibians in the Geopark are mainly composed of South China type Himalayan-Hengduan mountains type and Yunnan and Guizhou plateau-type and are infiltrated by the North type. Dominant species of the amphibians mainly include Batrachuperus pinchonii Bufo andrewsi Fejervarya multistriata Feirana quadranus Rana chensinensis etc. Among the reptile fauna the South China type accounts for the largest proportion followed by the monsoon type the widely distributed type and the Oriental type and only one species of the North type has infiltrated. The dominant species of reptiles in the Geopark include Gekko subpalmatus Takydromus septentrionalis Amphiesma craspedogaster Rhabdophis Elaphe carinata Zoacys dhumnades Protobothrops jerdonii etc.

The fauna characteristics of amphibians and reptiles in the Geopark are as follows:

① The species diversity of amphibians and reptiles is rich. There are 20 species of amphibians in the Geopark which is close to 20% of the total amphibian species in Sichuan Province. There are 15 species of reptiles accounting for 14.6% of the total reptile species in Sichuan Province.

② The proportion of endemic species is high. Among the 20 species of amphibians 12 species are endemic to China accounting for 60%. Among the 14 species of reptiles 4 species are endemic to China accounting for 20%.

③ More than half of the reptile species in Sichuan Province can be found in the Geopark. There are seven families of amphibians namely Hynobiidae cryptobranchiidae Megophryidae Bufonidae Microhylidds Ranidae and Rhacophoridaae accounting for 70% of the total amphibians in Sichuan Province. There are seven families of reptiles namely Bataguridae Trionychidae Gekkonidae Lacertidae Scincidae Colubridae and Viperidae accounting for 50% of the total reptiles in the province.

④ The fauna elements are quite complex where the Oriental elements are the dominant one and the Palaearctic elements have already infiltrated. There is only one species of amphibians and reptiles that belong to Palaearctic realm respectively Rana Temporaria and Eumeces capito. From the perspective of zoogeographic division it is close to the northern margin of the Oriental realm. Although it is still dominated by southern species northern elements begin to infiltrate.

(4) Fishes

There are 5 orders 12 families 45 genera and 55 species of fishes in the Geopark. In which the cypriniformes are the dominant ones covering 3 families 34 genera and 39 species accounting for 70.91% of the total species of the Geopark; then come the cataphoniformes covering 3 families 6 genera and 11 species accounting for 3.64%; after that there are the Perciformes covering 3 families 3 genera and 3 species accounting for 5.45%.

Rivers in the Geopark belong to tributary of the Qu River of Jialing River system mainly cover Nan River and Tong River as well as their tributaries of various sizes. With abundant flow rapid current favorable water quality and high oxygen content the rivers are more suitable for benthic fish and cold-water fish survival. The primary fishes include Schizothorax sinensi Phoxinus lagowskii Acheilognathus barbatulus Ancherythroculter kurematsui Pseudorasbora parva Pseudogobio rivularis Procypris rabaudi and Ermei metahomaloptera omeiensis etc.

(5) Insects

There are 5 orders 58 families 71 genera and 188 species of insects in the Geopark. Among them lepidoptera and coleoptera insects are the dominant ones covering 30 families accounting for 65.2% of the total. The lepidoptera has the most families covering 21 families 39 genera and 83 species accounting for 45.7% of the total families 64.3% of the total species; then comes the coleoptera covering 9 families and 18 species accounting for 19.7% of the total families 14.0% of the species; after that there are odonata and diptera each covering 5 families accounting for 10.9% of the total.

The insect fauna in the Geopark shows transitional characteristics. Evergreen broad-leaved forest species marking the Oriental elements begins to lose its dominance and Palaearctic species gradually emerge. This is a typical transitional zone between Oriental and Palaearctic realms. Typical insects include papilionoid Colias fieldii Pieris rapae and Pieris canidia of lepidoptera as well as many Notodontidae and Geometridae species. Coleoptera includes many chrysomelidae and Cicindelidae species. There are also a plenty of odonata diptera Homoptera and ephemeroptera species. This zone has the most species and number of insects in the Geopark.

2. Rare and endangered animals

There are 48 species of wildlife of national key protection 11 of which are under national first-class key protection including Cuonalpinus Viverrazibetha Viverriculaindica Felisbengalensis Neafelisnebulosa Gattopardo Moschusberezovskii Budorcastaxicolor Aquilachrysaetos Aegypiusmonachus and Syrmaticusreevesii; 37 of which are under class II national priority protection including Macacamulatta Macacaspeciosa Canis lupus Vulpes Nyctereutes procyonoides Selenarctosthibetanus Ailurusfulgens Martesflavgula Lutralutra Prionodonpardicolor Prionailurus bengalensis Elaphodus cephalophus Capricornissumatraensis Naemorhedusgoral Pseudoisnayaur Porcaprapictidaudata Aixgalericulata Milvusmigrans Accipitersoloensis Accipiternisus Accipitergularis Buteobuteo Pterygotrigla megalops Accipiter gentilis Falcotinnunculus Falco subbuteo Tragopantemminckii Pucrasiamacrolopha Chrysolophuspictus Ibidorhyncha struthersii Treronsieboldii Otuslettia Asio flammeus Ninoxscutulata Treronsieboldii Andriasdavidianus and Batrachuperus pinchonii. Milvusmigrans and Accipitersoloensis among 33 species are listed on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and 27 species are listed in China Red Data Book of Endangered Species (see Table 1-6).

Table 1-6 The List of Protected Wild Animals in the Geopark

No.

Chinese Name

Latin Name

Protection Level

CITES

RDB

1

云豹

Neafelisnebulosa

I

I

E

2

金钱豹

Pantherapardus

I

I

E

3

林麝

Moschusberezovskii

I

II

E

4

牛羚

Budorcastaxicolor

I

II

E

5

Cuonalpinus

I

II

 

6

大灵猫

Viverrazibetha

I

V

7

小灵猫

Viverriculaindica

I

V

8

金猫

Felisbengalensis

I

I

V

9

金鵰

Aquilachrysaetos

I

II

V

10

秃鹫

Aegypiusmonachus

I

II

V

11

白冠长尾雉

Syrmaticusreevesii

I

 

E

12

猕猴

Macacamulatta

II

II

V

13

藏酋猴

Macacaspeciosa

II

II

V

14

Canis lupus

II

 

V

15

赤狐

Vulpes

II

 

16

Nyctereutes procyonoides

II

 

 

17

黑熊

Selenarctosthibetanus

II

 

V

18

小熊猫

Ailurusfulgens

II

I

V

19

黄喉貂

Martesflavgula

II

 

V

20

水獭

Lutralutra

II

I

V

21

斑林狸

Prionodonpardicolor

II

I

V

22

豹猫

Prionailurus bengalensis

II

II

 

23

鬣羚

Capricornissumatraensis

II

I

V

24

毛冠鹿

Elaphodus cephalophus

II

 

V

25

斑羚

Naemorhedusgoral

II

I

V

26

岩羊

Pseudoisnayaur

II

 

 

27

藏原羚

Porcaprapictidaudata

II

 

V

28

鸳鸯

Aixgalericulata

II

 

V

29

黑鸢

Milvusmigrans

II

II

 

30

苍鹰

Accipiter gentilis

II

II

 

31

赤腹鹰

Accipitersoloensis

II

II

 

32

雀鹰

Accipiternisus

II

II

 

33

日本松雀鹰

Accipitergularis

II

II

 

34

普通鵟

Buteobuteo

II

II

 

35

红隼

Falcotinnunculus

II

II

 

36

鹊鹞

Circusmelanoleucos

II

II

 

37

燕隼

Falco subbuteo

II

II

 

38

红腹角雉

Tragopantemminckii

II

 

V

39

勺鸡

Pucrasiamacrolopha

II

 

 

40

红腹锦鸡

Chrysolophuspictus

II

 

V

41

红翅绿鸠

Treronsieboldii

II

 

R

42

领角鸮

Otuslettia

II

II

 

43

鹰鸮

Ninoxscutulata

II

II

 

44

短耳鸮

Asio flammeus

II

II

 

45

斑头鸺鹠

Glaucidiumcuculoides

II

II

 

46

鹮嘴鹬

Ibidorhyncha struthersii

II

 

 

47

大鲵

Andriasdavidianus

II

I

E

48

山溪鲵

Batrachuperus pinchonii

II

 

 

① In terms of protection classes I means national first-class key protection and II means class two national priority protection

② CITES stands for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in which numbers correspond to the class in the appendix (the list published in 2004)

③ RDB stands for China Red Data Book of Endangered Species in which E means endangered V vulnerable and R rare

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